中蜂病虫害绿色防控|巢虫与幼虫病综合防治

Green Prevention and Control of Chinese Honeybee Pests and Diseases: Integrated Prevention and Control of Wax Moths and Larval Diseases

Chinese honeybee is a unique native bee species in China, with strong adaptability, wide distribution and excellent nectar collection performance, and is the main breeding bee species for domestic ecological beekeeping. However, Chinese honeybees have weak resistance to specific pests and diseases, and are prone to wax moth infestation and larval bacterial and viral diseases in high temperature, high humidity and poor breeding environment. Traditional disease prevention and control mostly relies on chemical pesticides, which can quickly kill pests and inhibit pathogens, but will cause drug residues in honey, propolis and other bee products, destroy the natural ecological safety of bee products, and also damage the immune system and vitality of bee colonies, resulting in reduced colony viability and shortened queen service life. Therefore, green ecological integrated prevention and control has become the only standardized way for modern Chinese honeybee disease and pest management.

Wax moth hazard is the most common and frequent pest problem in Chinese honeybee breeding. Wax moths breed in warm and humid seasons, and their larvae will drill into the nest spleen to eat beeswax, damage nest rooms, destroy bee larvae and pupae, resulting in broken spleen, empty nest, and even the collapse of the whole colony in severe cases. Weak colonies with insufficient population, old and moldy combs, and unhygienic beehives are the key susceptible objects of wax moth infestation. The green prevention and control of wax moths focuses on physical prevention and source control. Regularly clean the beehive bottom, thoroughly remove residual wax, dead bees, garbage and moldy substances, cut off the breeding and living environment of wax moth larvae; regularly replace aging and old combs, keep the nest spleen clean and tidy, and avoid wax moth spawning and parasitism on old combs.

Maintaining strong colony population is the core fundamental measure to prevent wax moths. Strong colonies have dense worker bees, comprehensive nest defense, can actively clean up foreign pests and residual sundries in the hive, and have strong natural resistance to wax moth infestation. For weak colonies with poor self-defense ability, timely merge and rectify them to improve colony population and defense ability. At the same time, control the humidity inside the hive, keep the beehive ventilated and dry, avoid damp and moldy environment, inhibit the growth and reproduction of wax moth eggs and larvae, and fundamentally reduce the probability of wax moth hazard.

Chinese honeybee larval diseases mainly include sacbrood disease and bacterial foulbrood disease, which are the main diseases causing larval death and colony decline. Larval diseases are mostly caused by bacterial and viral infections, which are easy to spread in high temperature and humid environment, with fast infection speed and wide coverage. Once the disease occurs, it is easy to cause large-area larval death, stop spawning of queen bees, and collapse of colony population. The green prevention and control of larval diseases adheres to the principle of prevention first and treatment second, and adopts physical isolation and biological prevention and control throughout the whole process without chemical drugs.

In terms of daily prevention, strengthen the standardized management of bee colonies, keep the apiary clean and hygienic, ventilate and dry, avoid long-term damp and stuffy beehives, and cut off the breeding environment of pathogenic bacteria. Regularly inspect the development status of bee larvae, timely find abnormal larvae with discoloration, rot and death, manually remove diseased larvae and diseased spleens, and prevent the spread of pathogens. Timely replace aging, diseased and low-yield queen bees, breed high-quality new queens, improve the genetic quality of bee colonies, and enhance the natural disease resistance of bee groups. Reasonably adjust the colony population, avoid too weak colony population leading to reduced nest management ability and increased disease probability.

In terms of biological treatment after the onset of disease, use natural microbial preparations and plant extracts for auxiliary treatment, which can effectively inhibit the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria, treat larval diseases, and will not cause drug residues and damage to bee colonies. For diseased colonies, implement strict isolation management, place diseased beehives far away from healthy colonies, independently manage and treat them, and block cross-infection between colonies. After the cure of diseased colonies, thoroughly disinfect the beehives and nest frames to eliminate residual pathogens and avoid repeated onset. The whole-process green integrated prevention and control mode ensures zero drug residues in bee products, protects the health and vitality of bee colonies, and realizes sustainable and healthy development of Chinese honeybee breeding.

中蜂是我国本土特有的优良蜂种，历经千年自然演化，具备适应性强、耐粗放养殖、善于利用零星蜜源、抗逆性突出等优势，是我国生态养蜂、山区养蜂的核心养殖品种，也是本土农林作物自然授粉的重要昆虫资源。但相较于引进的意大利蜜蜂，中蜂自身抗病抗虫短板较为明显，在高温高湿、养殖环境脏乱、蜂群群势偏弱、日常管理缺失的情况下，极易爆发巢虫虫害与幼虫病害，轻则导致蜂群群势衰退、幼虫大量死亡、储蜜量大幅下降，重则引发整群飞逃、蜂群覆灭，给养殖户造成严重的经济损失。传统病虫害防治过度依赖化学农药、杀虫药剂、抗菌药物，虽然能够短期内快速灭杀病虫、抑制病菌繁殖，但弊端极为突出，不仅会造成蜂蜜、蜂胶、蜂花粉等蜂产品药物残留超标，破坏蜂产品天然绿色的品质属性，降低商品价值，还会损伤蜜蜂神经系统、免疫系统，导致工蜂寿命缩短、蜂王产卵能力下降、蜂群整体免疫力持续降低，形成“用药治病、越治越弱”的恶性循环。因此，全程无药残、生态安全的绿色综合防控技术，已经成为现代中蜂标准化养殖的必备核心技术，是保障蜂群健康、守护产品品质、实现产业可持续发展的关键。

巢虫危害是中蜂养殖中发生率最高、危害范围最广、最容易被养殖户忽视的顽固性虫害，也是弱群覆灭的首要诱因。巢虫主要滋生在温暖潮湿的夏秋季，蜡螟成虫潜入蜂箱产卵，孵化后的巢虫幼虫以蜂蜡为食，会钻入巢脾内部啃食巢房、破坏巢脾结构，啃食蜂蛹与幼虫，造成蜂蛹无法正常羽化、幼虫腐烂死亡，引发典型的“白头蛹”症状。虫害轻微时，蜂箱内部出现零星破损巢脾、白头蛹，蜂群采集繁育效率下降;虫害严重时，大面积巢脾被蛀空、破碎坍塌，蜂群无储蜜繁育空间，幼虫大批量死亡，蜂群秩序彻底紊乱，最终引发弃巢飞逃、整群灭亡。长期养殖实践表明，群势薄弱、老旧巢脾过多、箱内卫生脏乱、通风除湿不良的蜂群，是巢虫滋生的重灾区，强群极少爆发严重巢虫灾害，这也为巢虫绿色防控提供了核心思路。

巢虫绿色防控全程以源头预防、物理防控、生态养护为核心，完全摒弃化学药剂。首先要做好日常箱内清洁消杀，坚持定期开箱清理，彻底清扫箱底残留蜡屑、死蜂残骸、霉变杂物、沉积污垢，从根源上切断巢虫成虫产卵、幼虫生存的食物来源与栖息环境，杜绝巢虫滋生繁育。其次要常态化更换老旧巢脾，老旧发黑、霉变破损、使用周期过长的巢脾是巢虫最偏好的寄生载体，必须定期淘汰更换全新巢脾，保持蜂箱内部巢脾整洁完好，减少虫害寄生概率。同时，严格遵循蜂多于脾的养殖原则，始终保持蜂群群势饱满、工蜂数量充足，强群具备完善的自我防御、清洁消杀能力，工蜂能够及时清理箱内虫卵、杂物、弱小病虫，依靠蜂群自身的生物优势抵御巢虫入侵，这是最安全、最长效的防控手段。

除此之外，需精准管控蜂箱内部温湿度，做好通风除湿工作。夏秋季高温高湿是巢虫爆发的核心诱因，通过开大通风口、搭建遮阳棚、拉大蜂路等方式，保持蜂箱通风干燥、干爽透气，抑制巢虫虫卵孵化与幼虫生长繁殖，大幅降低虫害爆发概率。针对已经出现轻微巢虫危害的蜂群，无需用药，可人工挑除白头蛹、虫害巢脾，集中销毁受损巢脾，对蜂箱进行晾晒消毒，调整蜂群群势、补足蜂量，快速恢复蜂群自我防御能力，彻底根治虫害隐患，全程实现零药物、零残留防控。

中蜂幼虫病是威胁蜂群繁育的核心病害，主要包含中蜂囊状幼虫病、细菌性烂子病两大类，分别由病毒、细菌感染引发，是造成蜂群幼虫大面积死亡、蜂王停卵、群势断崖式衰退的主要病害。幼虫病传染性极强，可通过巢脾接触、工蜂交互、盗蜂串蜂、养殖工具交叉使用快速传播，高温闷热、潮湿不通风、饲料劣质、蜂群营养不良、群势过弱是病害爆发的主要诱因。病害初期症状隐蔽，仅少量幼虫腐烂变色、无法封盖羽化，极易被养殖户忽略;病害扩散后，大面积幼虫发黄、发黑、腐烂液化，巢房内积攒腐臭脓液，蜂王逐步停止产卵，蜂群无新生蜂接续，成蜂日渐衰老死亡，最终导致整群覆灭，若未及时隔离治理，会快速传染全场蜂群，造成大规模养殖损失。

幼虫病绿色防控严格遵循“预防为主、防治结合、物理优先、生物辅助”的原则，全程杜绝化学抗菌药物，保障蜂产品安全。日常预防阶段，重点强化蜂群标准化精细化管理，保持蜂场干净整洁、通风干燥，及时清理蜂场杂草、积水、霉变杂物，营造干净卫生的外部养殖环境，切断病菌滋生传播渠道。定期全面开箱检查幼虫发育状态，精准排查幼虫色泽、形态、发育进度，一旦发现幼虫腐烂、不封盖、巢房发臭等异常情况，第一时间人工清除病幼虫、病脾、坏脾，集中焚烧销毁，避免病菌持续扩散蔓延。同时，及时更换老化、带病、产卵能力衰退的劣质蜂王，选育抗病性强、遗传性状优良的新蜂王，从基因层面提升蜂群整体抗病能力，优化蜂群种群质量。合理调控蜂群群势，及时合并弱群、补强蜂量，杜绝蜂少脾多的养殖误区，让蜂群具备充足的护脾、护子、清洁、防疫能力，从根本上降低病害发生概率。

针对已经发病的蜂群，采用纯天然生物防治手段替代化学药物，使用合规微生物制剂、天然植物提取液进行辅助治理，有效抑制病菌繁殖、阻断病毒传播、修复蜂群健康，且无任何药物残留、不会损伤蜂群体质。严格执行病群隔离制度，将发病蜂群搬迁至远离健康蜂群的区域单独管护，严禁养殖工具交叉使用，杜绝盗蜂、串蜂引发的交叉感染，防止病害全场扩散。病群治愈后，需对蜂箱、巢框、养殖工具进行彻底晾晒、消杀、消毒，清除残留病菌隐患，避免病害反复发作。整套绿色综合防控体系，彻底解决了传统药物防治的残留难题与蜂群损伤问题，在保障蜂群健康存续、稳定繁育的同时，坚守蜂产品绿色安全的品质底线，推动中蜂养殖产业生态化、标准化、高质量发展。