大棚番茄周年茬口优化搭配与整棚高效管理技术

Greenhouse tomatoes are one of the core vegetable crops with high economic benefits and stable market demand in facility planting. However, most large-scale planting bases have prominent problems such as unreasonable annual stubble planning, fragmented annual layout, long empty greenhouse idle period and frequent continuous cropping. The traditional single annual cropping mode leads to serious waste of facility resources, continuous accumulation of disease and pest populations, and annual decline in yield and quality due to soil degradation. Scientific annual stubble planning, reasonable matching of previous and subsequent crops, implementation of soil and greenhouse restoration during empty periods, and standardized whole-greenhouse unified management are the core measures to solve low facility efficiency, continuous cropping obstacles and unstable production capacity. Combined with northern climate characteristics and greenhouse facility performance, this paper adapts to the three main tomato stubbles of autumn-winter, early spring and summer cropping, matches complementary gap-filling crops, constructs a scientific rotation system, and cooperates with whole-greenhouse disinfection, soil fertility restoration, environmental regulation and seamless stubble connection technology, which can greatly improve the annual utilization rate of greenhouses, reduce the base number of diseases and pests, stabilize soil fertility, and realize continuous stable yield, quality improvement and cost saving of tomatoes, suitable for standardized production of family farms and large-scale planting parks.

Optimization and adaptation scenarios of mainstream annual stubble modes for greenhouse tomatoes. Combined with the temperature, light, thermal insulation performance and market conditions of northern greenhouses, four classic high-yield, high-efficiency and low continuous cropping risk annual stubble matching modes are integrated to cover different planting scales and facility conditions. The first is the double-cropping mode of early spring tomato + summer and autumn gap-filling crops, suitable for ordinary single-layer greenhouses with average thermal insulation performance. Early spring tomatoes are sown in December, transplanted in February of the next year, and harvested intensively from May to June. After harvesting, fast-growing leafy vegetables such as pakchoi, lettuce and leaf lettuce or short-season melons and beans are planted successively, and the field is cleaned and land prepared in late September to realize no idle greenhouse and full soil utilization, suitable for small and medium-scale growers. The second is the cross-year double stubble mode of autumn-winter tomato + early spring vegetables, suitable for high-standard arched greenhouses with excellent thermal insulation. Autumn-winter tomatoes are sown in August, transplanted in September, and harvested from November to February of the next year, followed by a batch of fast-growing vegetables, with field cleaning and rest in April to avoid empty greenhouses in deep winter and maximize winter and spring facility production capacity. The third is the ecological improved stubble mode of tomato + allium crop rotation, suitable for old greenhouses with severe continuous cropping and high incidence of soil-borne diseases. After tomato harvesting, allium crops such as green onions, garlic and onions are planted. The bacteriostatic characteristics of allium root systems are used for natural soil restoration, inhibiting soil-borne pathogens and degrading autotoxic substances, fundamentally alleviating continuous cropping obstacles for greenhouses with more than 3 years of continuous cropping. The fourth is the water-dry rotation mode, suitable for greenhouse bases with accessible water sources and convenient irrigation and drainage. After tomato harvesting, a season of rice is planted to leach soil salt and kill pathogens through water flooding, thoroughly improving hardened and salinized soil and realizing in-depth soil fertility restoration.

Core stubble connection principles and key avoidance points. Annual stubble matching must strictly follow the four principles of different families, complementary growth habits, adapted soil fertility and isolated diseases and pests. Solanaceous crops such as eggplant, pepper, potato and tobacco are prohibited as previous and subsequent crops to avoid cross infection of homologous diseases and pests, single consumption of soil nutrients and aggravated continuous cropping obstacles. Cruciferous, gramineous and allium crops are preferred as previous and subsequent crops to realize balanced consumption of soil nutrients and natural soil loosening through differences in root depth and nutrient demand of different crops. Meanwhile, market cycles are fully considered to avoid concentrated low-price listing periods and increase tomato market premium through staggered planting. Three major problems of stubble connection, namely rush cropping, empty cropping and continuous cropping, are strictly avoided. Rush cropping leads to incomplete land preparation, insufficient base fertilizer and poor seedling recovery; empty cropping causes facility waste, weed overgrowth and pest breeding; continuous cropping directly triggers soil degradation and disease outbreak. A 7-10 day land preparation and restoration period is reserved after each crop cleaning to realize seamless connection of previous crop cleaning, soil disinfection, soil fertility supplementation and subsequent crop transplanting, ensuring orderly annual planting.

Whole-greenhouse disinfection and soil fertility restoration technology during empty stubble periods. The empty stubble window period is the golden time for whole-greenhouse management, soil restoration and pest elimination, as well as the key link for annual stable yield, eliminating extensive management of only planting without soil maintenance. Firstly, complete whole-field cleaning is carried out to remove residual plants, fallen leaves, rotten fruits, weeds and waste mulch films in the field, all of which are taken out of the greenhouse for centralized deep burial or incineration to eliminate pest habitat carriers. Secondly, full-dimensional greenhouse disinfection is implemented. Greenhouse films, frames, columns, vents and ground surface are fully sprayed with low-toxic broad-spectrum disinfectants to kill pathogens and insect eggs attached to the greenhouse. The greenhouse is closed for 10-15 days of high-temperature stuffiness to kill shallow soil diseases and pests and accelerate the decomposition of residual organic matter. For continuous cropping plots, the soil is deeply ploughed 35-40 cm to break the hardened layer, and microbial agents, decomposed organic fertilizer and medium and trace elements are spread to complete multiple operations of soil improvement, fertilizer supplementation and bacteriostasis simultaneously. Severely salinized soil is treated with flood leaching to reduce surface salt in the plow layer; acidified soil is adjusted with quicklime to comprehensively restore soil physical and chemical properties and lay a solid foundation for subsequent tomato growth.

Unified whole-greenhouse environmental regulation technology adapted to annual stubble climate differences. The climate conditions of tomato growth vary greatly in different stubbles, requiring targeted standardized whole-greenhouse regulation of temperature, light, water and ventilation to adapt to annual growth needs. Early spring stubble focuses on heat preservation, frost prevention, seedling promotion and growth acceleration, with closed greenhouse heat storage and multi-layer covering for heat preservation in the early stage, and gradually increased ventilation in the later warming stage to avoid excessive growth caused by high temperature, balance day and night temperature difference, and promote flower bud differentiation and fruit development. Autumn-winter stubble focuses on humidity control, disease prevention, light supplement, stress resistance and cold protection, with whole-process enhanced ventilation and dehumidification to reduce greenhouse dew and avoid high-humidity disease outbreaks. Ventilation openings are closed in time and thermal quilts are covered in extreme low temperature in deep winter, with auxiliary heating if necessary to ensure safe overwintering of plants. Summer stubble focuses on sunshade and cooling, ventilation and water control, and high-temperature stress prevention. Sunshade nets are covered to reduce high temperature and strong light damage, full-day ventilation is increased to avoid stuffy greenhouse stress, field humidity is strictly controlled, and drainage is timely carried out after rain to prevent waterlogging and high-temperature and high-humidity diseases. The whole greenhouse implements unified regulation of ventilation duration, watering frequency and temperature and humidity thresholds throughout the year to avoid excessive local environmental differences and ensure uniform growth and consistent development of tomatoes in the whole greenhouse.

Standardized whole-greenhouse water, fertilizer and plant unified management. Annual multi-cropping planting is prone to disordered water and fertilizer management, uneven plant growth and inconsistent greenhouse growth, so a unified whole-greenhouse standardized management mode is implemented. Water and fertilizer management adopts unified formula, unified time and unified dosage, with exclusive water and fertilizer schemes formulated according to the growth rules of different stubbles. Early spring stubble applies light fertilizer to promote roots and stabilize plants to prevent excessive growth; autumn-winter stubble adopts small and frequent watering and functional fertilizers to enhance stress resistance; summer stubble controls water and fertilizer and supplements nutrients to resist stress. Partial random fertilization is prohibited to avoid plant growth differentiation in the greenhouse. Plant management implements unified pruning, branch removal, fruit thinning and old leaf cleaning. The whole greenhouse adopts standardized single-stem pruning, with synchronous removal of lateral branches, topping, and thinning of malformed and diseased fruits to ensure reasonable leaf-fruit ratio, consistent ventilation and light transmission and balanced nutrient distribution in the whole greenhouse. Whole-greenhouse unified management greatly reduces field growth differences, improves tomato fruit uniformity and commercial fruit rate, and cuts labor management costs.

Construction of annual green prevention and control system to reduce annual pest populations. Multi-cropping continuous planting easily causes annual pest circulation and cross infection, so a whole-process whole-greenhouse green prevention and control system is built to reduce pest pressure throughout the year. Insect-proof nets are uniformly covered and sticky traps are hung before transplanting to physically block and trap adults and reduce pest populations from the source; high-temperature greenhouse stuffiness and soil disinfection are uniformly implemented during empty periods to eliminate soil pest sources; whole-process ventilation and dehumidification, field cleaning and biological agent prevention are adopted during the growth period to avoid high disease incidence. Differentiated prevention and control is carried out for different stubbles: early spring stubble focuses on preventing late blight and gray mold; summer stubble focuses on preventing viral diseases, thrips, whiteflies and nocturnal pests; autumn-winter stubble focuses on preventing high-humidity fungal diseases. The whole process adheres to prevention priority, targeted prevention and control and pesticide rotation to avoid pest resistance, realizing mild annual pest occurrence, pesticide reduction and green and safe fruits.

Key supporting management points for stubble quality and efficiency improvement. Annual stubble planting needs to balance land maintenance and production, avoid predatory planting, and ensure long-term stable greenhouse yield. At least one in-depth restoration window period is reserved every year, with deep ploughing soil improvement, high-temperature stuffiness and organic fertilizer soil improvement during idle periods to continuously restore soil fertility. Planting density is reasonably controlled, with appropriate dense planting for early spring and autumn-winter stubbles to increase yield and sparse planting for summer stubbles to enhance ventilation and stress resistance. Meanwhile, sowing and transplanting time is flexibly adjusted according to market conditions to realize staggered listing and improve economic benefits. Whole-process greenhouse maintenance is carried out, including timely repairing damaged greenhouse films, reinforcing greenhouse frames and overhauling ventilation and irrigation equipment to ensure stable facility operation and reduce production losses caused by extreme weather.

In conclusion, the core of efficient annual greenhouse tomato production lies in scientific stubble layout, seamless stubble connection, whole-greenhouse unified management and regular soil fertility restoration. By optimizing the annual rotation stubble mode, avoiding continuous cropping risks, implementing whole-greenhouse disinfection and soil improvement during empty periods, carrying out targeted environmental and water-fertilizer regulation by stubble, and building a whole-process green prevention and control system, the problems of idle greenhouse waste, soil degradation from continuous cropping, frequent diseases and pests, uneven growth and unstable production capacity can be thoroughly solved. This technology greatly improves facility utilization rate, land productivity and tomato commercial quality, realizes continuous stable yield, quality improvement, efficiency increase and green sustainable planting of greenhouse tomatoes, and adapts to the large-scale, standardized and industrialized development needs of various facility tomatoes.