番茄全程高产施肥配方与精准分期追肥技术

Tomato is an economic crop with high yield, high fertilizer consumption and significant stage differences in fertilizer demand. The total fertilizer demand throughout the growth period is large with strict requirements for nutrient ratio, and the absorption ratio of macro elements and medium and trace elements varies completely in different growth stages. Fertilization management directly determines tomato growth vigor, fruit setting rate, fruit quality and final yield. In actual production, most growers have long-term fertilization misunderstandings, generally emphasizing nitrogen fertilizer, neglecting phosphorus and potassium, ignoring medium and trace fertilizers, preferring quick-acting chemical fertilizers and reducing organic fertilizer application, resulting in soil compaction and salinization, unbalanced plant nutrition, and a series of problems such as seedling excessive growth, weak root system, few flowers and fruits, severe flower and fruit drop, slow fruit expansion, many malformed fruits, uneven coloring and premature aging yellow leaves, which seriously restrict the high-yield and high-quality production of tomatoes. The core logic of tomato fertilization management is promoting root and seedling strengthening in seedling stage, stabilizing flowers and protecting buds in flowering stage, accelerating fruit expansion and weight gain in fruit swelling stage, and preventing premature aging and improving quality in late stage. It is necessary to strictly adhere to the fertilization principle of prioritizing organic fertilizer, supplementing with chemical fertilizer, balancing macro elements and supplementing medium and trace elements, and carry out precise staged fertilization combined with soil fertility, stubble characteristics and plant growth vigor. This paper systematically integrates the whole-process fertilization formula, dosage standard, application method and supporting management technology of tomatoes, adapting to various open-field, greenhouse and glasshouse planting modes, providing complete technical support for standardized high-yield tomato fertilization.

Tomato fertilizer demand rules and core fertilization principles. The whole tomato growth process is divided into six stages: seedling stage, transplanting recovery stage, vegetative growth stage, flowering and fruiting stage, fruit expansion and color turning stage, and late harvesting stage, with significantly different fertilizer demand focuses in each stage. From seedling raising to seedling recovery, the focus is on rooting and seedling strengthening, requiring high phosphorus, appropriate nitrogen and a small amount of potassium to help root development, cultivate strong seedlings and avoid excessive growth and weakness. The vegetative growth stage requires balanced nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to build a robust plant type and balance vegetative and reproductive growth. The flowering and fruiting stage needs controlled nitrogen, increased phosphorus and supplemented boron and zinc to promote flower bud differentiation, improve pollen activity and reduce flower and bud drop. The fruit expansion and color turning stage is the peak fertilizer demand period, requiring strictly controlled nitrogen fertilizer, greatly increased potassium fertilizer, and matched calcium, magnesium, boron and other medium and trace elements to promote fruit expansion, sugar accumulation and coloring, and prevent physiological diseases. The late harvesting stage needs supplementary fertilizer to prevent premature aging, maintain plant photosynthetic capacity, extend the harvesting cycle and ensure late fruit quality. The overall fertilization adheres to the core principle of light application in early stage, heavy application in middle stage and stable application in late stage, applying light seedling fertilizer in early stage, heavy fruit swelling fertilizer in middle stage and stable plant protection fertilizer in late stage, abandoning one-time excessive fertilization and blind large water and fertilizer application to realize balanced plant growth and continuous nutrient supply.

Standardized base fertilizer formula and application technology. As the foundation of high tomato yield throughout the growth period, base fertilizer determines soil fertility, root growth environment and early growth vigor, mainly matched with slow-release organic fertilizer, long-acting compound fertilizer and medium and trace element fertilizer, suitable for all types of planting plots. The conventional high-yield base fertilizer formula: 3000-4000 kg of fully decomposed farmyard organic fertilizer or 200-300 kg of commercial bio-organic fertilizer per mu, matched with 40-50 kg of balanced potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, 30 kg of superphosphate, 10 kg of magnesium sulfate and 2 kg of boron and zinc medium and trace fertilizer. Continuous cropping plots are additionally supplemented with bacillus subtilis and bacillus licheniformis biological agents to improve soil, inhibit soil-borne pathogens and promote root stress resistance. Base fertilizer is applied by full-field spreading followed by deep ploughing and soil turning with a depth of 30-40 cm to evenly mix fertilizer into the plow layer and avoid root burning caused by concentrated fertilizer accumulation. With long-acting slow-release nutrients, base fertilizer can continuously supply nutrients required for early tomato growth, loosen soil, improve soil water and fertilizer retention capacity, and lay a solid foundation for stable and high yield in the later stage. For acidified and severely salinized continuous cropping soil, an appropriate amount of quicklime can be spread during soil preparation to adjust acid and improve soil and optimize the soil growth environment.

Precise topdressing technology for seedling and recovery stages. The stage from tomato transplanting to flowering is the seedling slow growth stage, with the core fertilization goal of promoting roots, strengthening seedlings and stabilizing growth vigor, inhibiting excessive growth and cultivating robust plants. The first seedling promotion topdressing is carried out 7-10 days after seedling recovery, avoiding root burning from premature fertilization and weak seedlings from delayed fertilization. High-phosphorus water-soluble fertilizer matched with rooting functional fertilizer is selected, with 5-8 kg of high-phosphorus water-soluble fertilizer and 2 kg of humic acid rooting fertilizer per mu, which can quickly promote new root germination and downward root growth, improve seedling absorption capacity, and make plants robust with thick stems and dark green leaves. Nitrogen fertilizer dosage is strictly controlled at this stage, and pure nitrogen fertilizers such as urea are prohibited to prevent excessive branch and leaf growth, elongated internodes and poor flower bud differentiation, avoiding problems such as late flower and fruit drop and low fruit setting rate. Fertilizer dosage can be appropriately increased for weak and stunted seedlings, and reduced or delayed for overgrown plants to realize controlled growth and strong seedlings.

Flower and fruit retention topdressing formula for flowering and fruiting stage. The period from early flowering to full flowering is the critical stage for tomato transformation from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. The core fertilization goal is stabilizing plants, promoting flowers and retaining fruits, and promoting flower bud differentiation, with strictly controlled nitrogen fertilizer and increased phosphorus and microelement supplementation. Pure nitrogen fertilizer application is stopped in the early flowering stage, and 5 kg of high-phosphorus and low-potassium water-soluble fertilizer is applied per mu to stabilize plant growth and promote full flower bud differentiation. Meanwhile, foliar nutrient supplementation is strengthened, with chelated boron and fluid zinc foliar fertilizers sprayed every 7-10 days for 2 consecutive times to supplement key flowering nutrients, improve pollen activity, reduce flower and bud drop and prevent malformed flowers. After the first ear of fruits sets in the early full fruiting stage, the fertilization structure is appropriately adjusted to slightly increase potassium, with 8-10 kg of balanced water-soluble fertilizer applied per mu to balance plant nutrition, connect early vegetative growth and late fruit development, and avoid unbalanced nutrient supply and declining growth vigor. Fertilization at this stage adheres to the principle of small quantity, frequent times and light and stable fertilization to prevent flower and fruit drop caused by heavy fertilization.

Core high-yield topdressing technology for fruit expansion and color turning stage. The fruit expansion and color turning stage is the period with the largest tomato fertilizer demand and the key stage for yield formation and quality improvement. The fertilization focus is completely shifted to high potassium, calcium and magnesium supplementation and nitrogen control to avoid excessive growth, fruit cracking and uneven coloring. After the first fruit cluster expands and the second fruit cluster sets, the formal fruit expansion topdressing stage begins, adopting the classic high-yield formula of high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer plus calcium and magnesium medium and trace fertilizer. Each time, 10-12 kg of high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer is washed and applied per mu, matched with synchronous supplementation of chelated calcium and magnesium sulfate, with topdressing every 10-12 days to ensure sufficient and balanced soil nutrient supply throughout the stage. High-potassium fertilizer can quickly promote fruit cell expansion, sugar accumulation and anthocyanin synthesis, helping uniform fruit coloring, regular fruit shape and increased sweetness; calcium and magnesium elements can thicken fruit peel, improve peel toughness, effectively prevent physiological diseases such as fruit cracking, sunscald and blossom-end rot, and increase the commercial fruit rate. High-nitrogen fertilizer is prohibited during the color turning stage, otherwise it will cause excessive branch and leaf growth, delayed fruit ripening, mottled coloring and poor taste, seriously affecting fruit quality.

Stable fertilization and anti-premature aging topdressing technology for harvesting stage. Tomato plants consume a large amount of nutrients during continuous harvesting. Insufficient nutrient supply will easily cause yellow leaves, plant premature aging, small late fruits and declining quality, directly shortening the harvesting cycle and reducing total yield. Fertilization in the harvesting stage adheres to the principles of stable fertilization, nutrient supplementation, root protection and leaf retention, adopting frequent light fertilization to avoid root damage from one-time heavy fertilization. After harvesting 1-2 clusters of fruits, 8 kg of high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer and 2 kg of amino acid functional water-soluble fertilizer are washed and applied per mu to supplement consumed plant nutrients, maintain leaf photosynthetic function and delay plant aging. Meanwhile, foliar spraying of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and chelated trace element foliar fertilizer is carried out to quickly supplement fertilizer, prevent yellow leaves and maintain growth vigor, ensuring normal expansion and uniform coloring of upper fruits, extending the harvesting period by 15-20 days, and significantly improving late yield and overall planting benefit.

Differentiated fertilization adaptation schemes for different stubble tomatoes. Autumn and winter greenhouse tomatoes grow in low temperature and low light environments with weak root activity and slow nutrient absorption. Fertilization needs to reduce pure chemical fertilizer dosage, increase humic acid, seaweed acid and amino acid functional fertilizers to improve root stress resistance and absorption capacity, and supplement potassium and calcium in small and frequent amounts during the fruit expansion stage to avoid root rot and fruit cracking caused by excessive water and fertilizer. Early spring stubble tomatoes have rapid temperature rise and vigorous growth, requiring strict nitrogen control to prevent excessive growth and advanced boron and zinc supplementation to promote flower and fruit retention. Summer open-field tomatoes grow in high temperature and drought with fast transpiration. Fertilization is carried out synchronously with watering to avoid root burning from concentrated fertilizer, focusing on potassium and calcium supplementation to prevent sunscald and fruit cracking, and increasing microelement fertilizer application to improve plant high temperature stress resistance. Continuous cropping obstacle plots are supplemented with bio-fertilizer throughout the growth period to activate soil, degrade salt, inhibit pathogens, repair soil microecology and solve the problem of unbalanced nutrients caused by continuous cropping.

Tomato fertilization taboos and supporting management for quality and efficiency improvement. Various fertilization misunderstandings should be avoided in production, including single partial nitrogen fertilizer application, heavy nitrogen fertilizer application in fruit expansion stage, large water fertilization in drought, and concentrated fertilizer application near roots, which cause excessive plant growth, physiological imbalance, fertilizer root burning and declining fruit quality. Fertilization is carried out synchronously with watering, adhering to water-fertilizer integration and small and frequent fertilization to keep soil moist and loose and facilitate root nutrient absorption. Base fertilizer and topdressing are reasonably matched with complementary long-acting and quick-acting effects to ensure balanced nutrient supply throughout the growth period. Cooperate with pruning and fruit thinning, ventilation and light transmission, temperature and humidity regulation and other field management to reduce invalid nutrient consumption and concentrate nutrients for fruit development, maximizing the yield and quality improvement effect of fertilization. Scientific matching of foliar fertilizer and root topdressing realizes two-way nutrient supplementation above and below ground, completely solves various nutrient-deficient physiological diseases, and comprehensively improves tomato yield, appearance and taste.

In conclusion, the core of high-yield tomato fertilization is conforming to growth-stage fertilizer demand rules, precise nutrient proportioning and staged on-demand fertilization, abandoning the traditional blind fertilization mode. The complete set of fertilization technologies including long-acting organic fertilizer foundation, precise staged topdressing, balanced macro elements, supplemented medium and trace elements and functional fertilizer assistance can effectively solve tomato production problems such as unbalanced growth vigor, flower and fruit drop, slow fruit expansion, cracked and malformed fruits, poor coloring and plant premature aging, greatly improve tomato single fruit weight, commercial fruit rate and total yield, reduce fertilizer waste and soil degradation risks, and realize green, high-quality, high-yield and efficient standardized tomato planting, suitable for the large-scale production and promotion of various open-field and facility tomatoes nationwide.